National+Monarchs

National Monarch Biographies

Louis XIV of France
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Peter the Great of Russia
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**Catherine the Great of Russia (rule 1762-1796)**
media type="custom" key="3321046" Background: Ruling philosophy: accomplishments: bibliography: check PPT
 * empress of Russia
 * husband of Peter III
 * dislike towards husband, helped dispose/possibly kill him
 * born in Germany, converted to Russian orthodox
 * known for many lovers
 * massive influence on Russia
 * enlightened despot
 * challenged social norms, role model for woman in high positions
 * promoted womans rights, religious tolerance
 * made many educational reforms
 * extension of Russian empire, land expansion

=
• She improved the **economy** by - increasing Austria’s taxes over a span of 10 years. - she also increased the power of the central government by administrating a new financial advisor called Count Friedrich Willhelm Hauqwitz - She also reduced amount of sacred holidays so to produce more goods - She also put high tariffs on goods produced in that area and prohibited the import of similar goods from other countries=====

• **Army** - She enlarged the army by 108 000 in 1748 to 300 000 in 1763 - She improved the army by establishing a military academy and she found an engineering academy in Vienna.
} To raise army to defeat Prussians after War of Austrian Succession…  } Annual revenue for 10 years, with renewed negotiations every 10 years  } Deep opposition towards religious pluralism  } Expelled Jews from Prague (1745)  <span style="color: rgb(159, 184, 205); font-family: 'Wingdings 3';">}<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="color: rgb(70, 70, 83); font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Forced emigration of crypto-Protestants <span style="color: rgb(159, 184, 205); font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"> }<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Church = beneficial to people }<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Allow taxation of clergy }<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Create & strengthen parishes }<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Improve the lives of peasantry }<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Alleviation of serf conditions }<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Restricted lords’ treatment of serfs }<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Revise civil/criminal code of monarchy }<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Abolished torture (1776) __Philosophy__ <span style="color: rgb(114, 124, 163); font-family: 'Wingdings 3';">}<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Hatred of Frederick II <span style="color: rgb(114, 124, 163); font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: rgb(159, 184, 205); font-family: 'Wingdings 3';">}<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="color: rgb(70, 70, 83); font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Influenced all reform efforts <span style="color: rgb(159, 184, 205); font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: rgb(114, 124, 163); font-family: 'Wingdings 3';">}<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Realistic <span style="color: rgb(114, 124, 163); font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: rgb(159, 184, 205); font-family: 'Wingdings 3';">}<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="color: rgb(70, 70, 83); font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">No vision of what nation should become <span style="color: rgb(159, 184, 205); font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: rgb(114, 124, 163); font-family: 'Wingdings 3';">}<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Practical <span style="color: rgb(114, 124, 163); font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: rgb(159, 184, 205); font-family: 'Wingdings 3';">}<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="color: rgb(70, 70, 83); font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Authorized reforms as they were necessary <span style="color: rgb(159, 184, 205); font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: rgb(159, 184, 205); font-family: 'Wingdings 3';">}<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="color: rgb(70, 70, 83); font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Went along with their effects <span style="color: rgb(159, 184, 205); font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">
 * __Reformations__**

•"Theresa, Maria (1717-1780)." //DISCovering World History//. Online ed. Detroit: Gale, 2003. //Discovering Collection//. Gale. International School of Beijing. 1 Mar. 2009 <http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/infomark.do?&contentSet=GSRC&type=retrieve&tabID=T001&prodId=DC&docId=EJ2105101206&source=gale&srcprod=DISC&userGroupName=cnisbj&version=1.0>. •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria •http://www.nndb.com/people/157/000085899/ "Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria." King's College Hist. Dept.. 19 Feb 2009 [] "Theresa, Maria (1717-1780)." //DISCovering World History//. Online ed. Detroit: Gale, 2003. //Discovering Collection//. Gale. International School of Beijing. 27 Feb. 2009 [] "Maria Theresa of Austria." Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale Group, Inc, 2004. //Answers.com// 02 Mar. 2009. [] Beales, Derek. //Joseph II: In the Shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741–1780.// Cambridge, U.K., 1987. Dickson, P. G. M. //Finance and Government under Maria Theresa, 1740–1780.// 2 vols. Oxford, 1987. Mc Gill, William. //Maria Theresa.// New York, 1972. Roider, Karl A., ed. //Maria Theresa.// [|Englewood Cliffs], N.J., 1973. Szabo, Franz A. J. //Kaunitz and Enlightened Absolutism, 1753–1780.// Cambridge, U.K., 1994. Wangermann, Ernst. //The Austrian Achievement, 1700–1800.// London, 1973.
 * __Bibliography__**:

**__<span style="color: rgb(90, 89, 197);">Joseph II of Austria (Hapsburg Empire) __**

 * Background:**
 * **March 13th, 1741-1790**
 * **Eldest son of Maria Teresa**
 * **'Enlightened monarach'**
 * **Succeed throne in 1780**
 * **Wise Despotism:acting on a definite system for the good of all**
 * **Josephism:Power of the state when directed by reason**
 * **Disliked by many(nobility,local lords)**
 * Ruling Phliosophy:**
 * **unify and adminstrate all provinces and domains of Austria under government**
 * **Strongly followed the idea of enlightened despot and tried to convert Austria into the idea "Enlightened" country**
 * **Josephism**
 * **Centralization of power by the expenses of local rulers**
 * **Religious Tolerance towards non-Catholics**
 * Achievements:**
 * **Moving of power from local lords to royal courts**
 * **absolute power of the monarch after death of his mother**
 * **Edict of Tolerance-gave freedom from prosecution of Protestants,Greek Orthodox,Jews**
 * **Confication of monastery land for the benefit of the state**
 * **Did not believe in Church's power over state**
 * **Radical reforms**
 * **Abandonation of serfdom in Austria domains**
 * Conclusion:**
 * **Succeed in centralizing power**
 * **Government above all**
 * **State only under law and God**
 * **Forced to concede to some of his reforms at his late years due to nobility**
 * **Future monarchs are able to build on his achivements**
 * Bibliography:See PPT**

[|Frederick II or the Great]
Accomplishments Conclusion media type="custom" key="3348688"
 * __Philosophy__**
 * Calvinist beliefs
 * Kingship is a duty rather than an authority
 * Ruler should sacrifice personal life to focus on obligations of kingship
 * Enlightened Despotism
 * Believed that nation's success relied on complete power within the ruler
 * "the weight of their government falls on themselves alone, like the world on the back of Atlas," -Anti-Machiavel
 * Very religiously tolerant
 * Militaristic power of nation was a primary goal
 * Transformed Prussia from a European backwater into a leading power
 * Precursor to German nationalism/militarism AKA Hitler was inspired by him
 * Didn't believe in Divine Right of King, therefore promoted enlightened absolutism
 * Spread religious freedom throughout his realm
 * Doubled Prussia's landmass and holdings
 * Reforms to increase political and economical power
 * San Souci and other arts
 * Somewhat: Education, Religion, Political changes. However.... Silesian Wars, Seven Years War, San Souci

Elizabeth I of England
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James I of England
media type="custom" key="3336726" **Regency:** Ruled Scotland from 1567; was 1 year old, so regents took care until 1981 – gained control Succeeded last Tudor monarch in 1603 after Elizabeth I passed
 * Early Childhood:**
 * Born 1566 as James Charles Stuart, to Mary Queen of Scots and Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany
 * Descendant of Henry VII, great grandchild of Margaret Tudor
 * Father was murdered when James was 1, became King

Ruled these three nations until his death in 1625


 * Relationships/Sexuality:**
 * Maintained close relations with male courtiers


 * Married Anne of Denmark, produced children


 * Is thought to be either homosexual or bisexual


 * Showed no interest in sex, held strong to his chastity

•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Believed that he had the divine right to rule •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Did not differentiate England and Scotland •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Hoped for religious tolerance •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Ruled with the idea of solidifying his claim on the English throne •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Rules king made must be in accordance with God and tradition •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Protestant •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> English Parliament •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Cooperation between monarch & parliament •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Profligacy & incompetence of court •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Salisbury – Great Contract •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Dismissed Parliament in 1610 •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Ruled without Parliament in 1621
 * Philosophy of Rule:**
 * Accomplishments:**

•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Religious: –<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Truce between Catholics and Presbyterians –<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Gunpowder Plot: oppression of non-conforming Catholics –<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Oath of Allegiance in 1606 •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> King was kind towards Catholics who took the Oath –<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> King James Bible –<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Strict at enforcing conformity •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Territory: –<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Founding of first English settlement (Jamestown, Virginia) –<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Friendship treaty between England and Scotland –<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Union of the Crowns –<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Brought Armada War to end •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Peace treaty signed between countries

•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Rarely bathed •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Swore •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Liked disgusting stories •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Bad table manners •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Show off •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Liked to humiliate others •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Homosexual
 * Personal Life:**

•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Disregard for conditions in England •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Failed to acknowledge differences between England and Scotland •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Government faced growing financial pressures •<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Low taxation
 * Conclusion:**

** Bibliography ** "James I, King of England, VI of Scotland (1566 - 1625)." __BBC History__. BBC History. 3 Mar 2009 <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/james_i_king.shtml>.

"James I (1603-25 AD)." __Britannia__. Britannia. 3 Mar 2009 <http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon46.html>.

"James I of England." __Wikipedia__. Wikipedia. 3 Mar 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England>.

"King James VI & I Page." WebCounter. 4 Mar 2009 [].