Exploration

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Triange Trade - trade between the Europeans, Africans and Caribbean America -- Europeans traded manufactured goods (guns) and rum with the African for slaves -- slaves were transported across the ocean (middle passage) and sold in Caribbean American and the Southern Colonies -- sugar (all forms including rum) and other raw materials went back to Europe then the whole thing started again

3 G's --> GOLD, GOD, GLORY

1. Portugal -- team: Sophie, Ina, Kenneth, Tiffany
Outline of Portugal Presentation > Bibliography: "Portugal and the Age of Exploration." Travel & History. 2008. U-S-History.com. 28 Jan 2009 <[|__http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1126.html__] >. Kresis, Steven. "Lectures on Early Modern European History." The History Page. 07/01/2007. 31 Jan 2009 <[|__http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/lecture2c.html__] >. Wilson, James Grant. "Juan Sebastian Elcano." Hall of North and South Americans.01 Jan 2000. Evisum Inc.. 3 Feb 2009 <[|__http://www.famousamericans.net/juansebastianelcano/__] >. "Ferdinand Magellan." StudyWorld. 01 Jan 1996. Oakwood Mgt.. 3 Feb 2009 <[|__http://www.studyworld.com/ferdinand_magellan.htm__] >. "Ferdinand Magellan: World Explorer - Enchantedlearning.com." Enchantedlearning.com. Enchantedlearning.com. 3 Feb 2009 <[|__http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/m/magellan.shtml__] >. "Ferdinand Magellan." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 29 Jan 2009, 14:10 UTC. 3 Feb 2009 <[|__http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Magellan&oldid=267189892__] >. "Juan Sebastian Elcano." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 28 Jun 2005, 16:33 UTC. 3 Feb 2009 <[|__http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Sebastian_Elcano&oldid=17769280__] >. "Portugual Empire in the East." Heritage History__. 2007. Heritage History. 3 Feb 2009 < [|__http://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=wars&FileName=wars_portugalindia.php__] >. "Prince Henry the Navigator." __Resources and income. 2 February 2009. Wikipedia. 3 Feb 2009 <[|__http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator__] >. "The Order of Christ: Overview." Henry the Navigator and the Seagoing Order. 3 Feb 2009 <[|__http://www.thornr.demon.co.uk/kchrist/overview.html__] >. "Prince Henry the Navigator: Royal Patron of Explorers." Enchanted Learning. Enchanted Learning. 3 Feb 2009 <[|__http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/h/henry.shtml__] >.
 * 1) General Info about Portugal
 * Leading country in the Exploration Age
 * Map of Portuguese Colonization
 * 1) Prince Henry the Navigator
 * Organized Portuguese resources and information for the purposes of exploration
 * Think Tank for Exploration - ship captains, pilots (navigators), cartographers, technology, ship design, sail design
 * wanted to explore to establish trade
 * Hero at Ceuta
 * Finance stuff from Order of Christ
 * stuff?
 * Brought lots of slaves back
 * 1) Bartolomeu Dias
 * First European to sail to Cape Town
 * Cape of Storms --> Cape of Good Hope
 * important for re-stocking supplies
 * He was sent by King John II to fine the land of Prester John
 * He sacrificed his life on the trip
 * killed himself?
 * Found route to Indian Ocean so that trade can go from Europe to Asia by sea
 * Accompanied Vasco da gama to India for trading spices
 * 1) Vasco da Gama
 * Founded important trade routes from Europe to India and East Indies
 * Rounded the cape of good hope
 * on to India -- settlement on W Coast: Calicut
 * Traded spices
 * 1) Ferdinand Magellan: puppet show
 * 2) Magellan: circumnavigated the globe
 * 3) sailes West around South America, across the Pacific, killed in the Philippines, El Cano finished the voyage
 * 4) impact: first voyage to sail around the earth - beginning to fit the continents and oceans together in the global layout
 * 5) Juan Sebastian Elcano: puppet show

2. Spain -- Henry, Kevin, Daniel, Daphne
Henry Mangold **Cortez** **Who supported exploration? What did they expect to gain?** how were the voyages financed? What were they looking for? ** **Spanish Crown, Cortez himself, and Velasquez sent him to gain more land and power for Spain.** **Where and When did they explorers go? What did they Find?** **Cortez found left Cuba in 1519 and discovered Mexico and the ancient Aztec city of Tenochtitlan.** -- The Aztec civilization was very sophisticated (govt., trade, traditions, building), but the Europeans still looked down on them -- civilization rich with gold, Europeans wanted it **What Claims of Territory were made? What did the Europeans think of the people they found?** **He claimed Mexico and the Gulf of California; they thought the native Mexicans were very strange in their sacrifices, gods, religion, and sexual activities.** -- human sacrifice -- they believed that to apease the Sun God that a human scarifice had to be made daily; the blood nourished the Sun God and allowed the Sun to rise daily **How did Europeans Benefit from the explorer’s journey?** **Europeans benefited by having further trading benefits that spurned the economy of the time, and Mexico also brought vast wealth, as well as new land.** -- many goods like chili peppers and Chocolate (yea!) **Presentation: Story of Cortez’s Conquest of Mexico** **Use PowerPoint and tell story** **Bibliography** **"Cortez." Think Quest __4 Feb 2009 .__** **"Hernan Cortez." Wikipedia__. Wikipedia. 4 Feb 2009__** [|**http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s**]**.** **Wood, Michael. "The Fall of the Aztecs." PBS __Spring 2001 4 Feb 2009__**
 * Diego Velasquez and the Spanish Crown, sent him to build colony, gain land for Spain.
 * <http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_flat.html**************** **


 * Balboa Outline -- Daniel [[file:Balboa Outline.doc]]

Daphne's Outline** ** Christopher Columbus ** Queen Isabella of Spain, King Ferdinand II. The defeat of the Moors also freed the monarchs to support exploratory ventures, including those of [|Christopher Columbus]. Wealth from the establishment of trade routes and colonies. Thought a route westward to India would be shorter and more direct than overland trade route through Arabia, therefore allowing Spain’s direct entry into the spices trade. Funded by Queen Isabella of Spain A short and more direct route to Asia (India) in order to trade for spices, silk and other raw materials. Looking for gold. To capture Indians as slaves in the Indies. Desire to acquire land and riches. To avoid dangerous, costly and time-consuming ancient trade routes through the Middle East. -- Columbus was looking for gold, found a little, but not enough to make the voyage pay for itself Columbus started his first voyage on Aug. 3, 1492 from Palos, Spain. On October 11, 1392 saw the Caribbean islands off southeastern North America and landed on an island called Guanahani, Columbus renamed it San Salvador. Columbus travelled to the islands of Hispaniola, Cuba, and many other smaller islands. Started his second expedition, Sept. 25, 1493-June 11, 1496. He went sailed around Hispaniola and along the length of southern Cuba. Started his third expedition, May 30, 1498-October 1500. Columbus sailed farther south, to Trinidad and Venezuela. Started his fourth expedition, May 9, 1502-Nov. 7, 1504. Columbus sailed to Mexico, Honduras and Panama(in Central America) and Santiago (Jamaica). Columbus went to the Caribbean and South America They met the local Taino Indians. The mainland of America. The Spanish explorers encountered three major civilizations in the New World: the Incas in present-day Peru and the [|Mayans] and [|Aztecs] in Mexico and Central America. The explorers were truly amazed by what they found — immense wealth in gold and silver, complex cities rivaling or surpassing those in Europe, and remarkable artistic and scientific achievements. Columbus established a base in Hispaniola. Claimed San Salvador “Holy Savior” for Spain. After the voyages, he had claimed land all inside and on the cost of the Americas. They thought the indigenous Americans were Indians. Columbus enslaved and decimated the local populations. The numbers of these Native Americans dropped drastically, because of war against the colonial forces and also the introduction of diseases to which the natives had no natural immunity. Columbus appears to have viewed the Native Americans he encountered purely as savages, to be used as slaves, he transported some 500 back to Spain. They seem to have been just another commodity to him. Led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere, opened the door to European exploration, colonization and exploitation of the New World. Initiated widespread contact between Europeans and indigenous American. Initiated the process of Spanish colonization. Columbus was very vital in the age of exploration, because he landed on the Americas and not the East Indies, he started a great search of unclaimed lands by many other European explorers. The colonies of Spain in the Americas made Spain the richest most powerful nation in the world during much of the 16th century Columbian Exchange - goods, tools, diseases and other factors shared between the Spanish culture and the natives with the contact
 * 1) ** Who supported exploration? **
 * 1) ** What did they expect to gain? **
 * 1) ** How were voyages financed? **
 * 1) ** What were they looking for? **
 * 1) ** Where/when did the explorers go? **
 * 1) ** What did the explorers find? **
 * 1) ** What claims of territory were made? **
 * 1) ** What did the Europeans think of the people they found? **
 * 1) ** How did the Europeans benefit from the explorers journeys? **

Conquistadors - Spanish Conqurers

Work Cited: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/c/columbus.shtml  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus http://www.echeat.com/essay.php?t=29980 http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h436.html http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080116180125AAt9XVC Francisco Pizarro Works Cited __ __ http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/imagevoy/inca2.gif http://www.gutenberg.org/files/22116/22116-h/images/31.jpg http://www.planetgoofball.com/arquebus.gif http://www.3dluvr.com/crossbow/logos/crossbow.gif http://www.tierra-inca.com/peru/photos/incas_1.jpg http://www.atahualpacusco.com/images/atahualpa.jpg http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/gifs/Balboamap.GIF http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/25100/25188/balboa_25188_lg.gif Outline – Francisco Pizarro -  Brief background of Francisco Pizarro - (Spanish man born to military leader, born in Trujillo Spain 1478, no education and joined the military as a young teen - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> First expedition – (1509, **supported by King Charles V** from Spain who wished to simply **expand Spanish territory**. Pizarro travelled with Balboa who was the head captain, and **Panama was discovered**. Pizarro was named the townsperson of Panama City and thus gained enough money for his own expedition in 1527) - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Second expedition – (this was out of his own desires intrigued by **tales of South American riches**. This time he **funded himself** as King Charles V refused to support him this time, and Pizarro travelled down to the city of Lima and Cuzco. There he murdered thousands of Incas and **called for gold and silver** as ransom for the Incan leader. However, after the ransom was paid, Pizarro still went on to murder the leader. Pizarro and his crew were relentless and had no respect for this tribal clan at all. Besides **conquering Peru, Spain also acquired Columbia and Ecuador for its own.** These new territories allowed Spain to **further spread Catholicism and gain more of South America**. -- Incan gold and silver were a source of Spain's wealth and dominance of Europe during this era

3. Great Britain -- Louise, Peter, Jaime, Jonathan T
** Great Britain Outline <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> ** **>The Elizabethan Times** -Exploration, colonization, victory in war, world importance >Sir Frances Drake -//The Famous Voyage// -Geography -Southern continent -California >Sir Walter Raleigh <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -El Dorado -//The Discovery of Guiana// -Introduced potato plant and tobacco -- Sea Dogs - pirates, profiteers, naval officers - plundered Spanish treasure ships in the name of England >Who Supported the Exploration? -Merchants -Queen Elizabeth >How Were the Voyages Financed? -Joint stock companies -Loaning -Profit through trade -Individual investment >What They Expected in Return Profit (A lot of it) Natural resources that was unobtainable in Europe Luxurious items >Territories Controlled By Britain <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -Canada, Eastern US (New England), Barbados. <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -1580’s inot the 17th and 18th century <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -Besides France, the British had the largest holding of land in the New World. <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -- Britain started colonies - permanent settlements in the Caribbean and North America -- explorers, adventurers, those who wanted to spread religion or practice thier religion, farmers >British Trading Posts <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -North America was a vital source of trade <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -New York and Boston <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -Hudson Bay <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -Traded with French and indigenous <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -Jamestown in Cape Henry, Virginia <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -First permanent English settlement <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -- Jamestown in Virginia in 1607 -Tobacco farming and brick making <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -- these industries made the colonies profitable -- Mercantilism - make the mother country rich with trade from the colonies -- colonies provide raw materials and new markets -- mother country manufactures goods and oversees trade >What They Found <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -Gold, silver, lumber, new markets and territories <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -- the English did not find the vast wealth that the Spanish did, they had to make money with raw materials and food >The Natives <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -Conflict with the land <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -Attacks <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> -Diseases <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> ** -- the natives were viewed as God-less heathens, their traditions were vastly different and the English felt they were inferior -- the natives saved the early colonists many times, every treaty that was written was broken by the Europeans Bibliography** **•** ** "History of Africa." How Stuff Works. 3 Feb 2009 <http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/history-of-africa4.htm>. ** **•**  ** "British Colonization of the Americas." Wikipedia. 3 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas>. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 宋体;"> ** **•**  ** "English Colonization of the Americas." Global Oneness. Experience Festival. 3 Feb 2009 <http://www.experiencefestival.com/english_colonization_of_the_americas>. ** **•**  ** CliffsNotes.com. English Exploration, Early Settlements. 30 Jan 2009 <http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/CliffsReviewTopic/topicArticleId-25073,articleId-25007.html>. ** **•**  **Elizabethan exploration & foreign policies. J.P Sommerville. 30 January 2009 3<http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/361/361-19.htm>** **•**  **Don’t get greedy”. February 4, 2009.<images.businessweek.com/.../image/5_greedy.jpg>** **•**  ** "The Tudors - Henry VII, Henry VIII, Mary & Elizabeth." British History. Great Britain, a UK guide. 4 Feb 2009 <http://www.great-britain.co.uk/history/tudors.htm>. ** **•**  ** "Sir Francis Drake (1542–96)." Explorers & leaders. nmm.ac.uk. 4 Feb 2009 <http://www.nmm.ac.uk/drake>. ** **•**  ** "Sir Walter Raleigh soldier, explorer, writer, and businessman ." Sir Walter Raleigh. 4 Feb 2009 <http://www.laughtergenealogy.com/bin/histprof/misc/raleigh3.html>. <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: none;"> <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> **
 * -Glorious times
 * -Superiority

4. France -- Jonathan J, Dong Eun, Dan Z
**Rest assured, everything here is directly copied from the powerpoint. You're not missing any important info here.**

<span style="font-family: 宋体;">• Interested commercially, not politically (Unlike British rivals) <span style="font-family: 宋体;">• Driving forces: State Church Etc. Motives: Search for: Market – fur Land settlement/trading posts -- the French were not interested in settlements, the French stayed at home Raw materials Investments Cheap labor <span style="font-family: 宋体;">• Mission Civilisatrice <span style="font-family: 宋体;">• <span style="font-family: 宋体;">“ White Man’s Burden” Implant Roman Catholicism and French culture into the minds of the “savages”

<span style="font-family: 宋体;">• 1st guy to discover & document Canada •1534 •“Kanata” •Huron-Iroquois: “village” •Searched for “Northwest Passage” •Passage through/around N. America to E. Asia <span style="font-family: 宋体;">• Only claimed Baie de Gaspé region •Further French colonization occurred couple years late •Aided Sieur de Robervall in his attempt to colonize Canada in 1541 •That FAILED l Bad weather l Illness
 * Jacques Cartier**

<span style="font-family: 宋体;">•“ The Father of New France” •Sailed in West Indies in 1599 for 2.5 years •Visited numerous islands •First trip to N. America: 1603 <span style="font-family: 宋体;">• Founded: •Port-Royal (in Canada)(1605) •Quebec City (1608) •Opened N. America to French trade •Established many trading posts on the way •Increased trade and interaction with natives
 * Samuel de Champlain**

<span style="font-family: 宋体;">• Explored (1679-1682): •Great Lakes •Midwest •Mississipp •Claimed entire Mississippi region for France; called it Louisiana •1684-1687: Expedition to: •Southern end of Mississippi R. •Gulf of Mexico •Failure •Sick men •Deserted men •Assassinated in 1687 <span style="font-family: 宋体;">… by his own men.
 * René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle**

"French Colonial Empire - Introduction." Discover France!. 4 Feb 2009 http://www.discoverfrance.net/Colonies/ "Jacques Cartier." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. 4 Feb 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cartier "Samuel de Champlain." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. 4 Feb 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_champlain "Rene-Robert Cavalier, Sieur de La Salle." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. 4 Feb 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle "Jacques Cartier." Elizabethan Era. Elizabethan Era. 4 Feb 2009 http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/jacques-cartier.htm "Roberval, Sieur de." HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks, Inc.. 4 Feb 2009 http://reference.howstuffworks.com/roberval-sieur-de-encyclopedia.htm "Jacques Cartier." Teacher Webspace. Halifax Regional School Board. 4 Feb 2009 http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/phillie/SocialStudies/Atlantic/jacques_cartier.htm "Samuel de Champlain." Virtualology. Evisum. 4 Feb 2009 http://www.samueldechamplain.com/ Simpson, Obediah. "Samuel de Champlain's Second Voyage - 1604 - First Permanent Settlement in Canada." Simpson Family Homepage and Genealogy. Sympatico. 4 Feb 2009 http://www3.sympatico.ca/goweezer/canada/z16champ2.htm

5. <span style="color: rgb(92, 94, 173);">The Netherlands -- group members: Chae Won, Natalie, Samson

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Henry Hudson explored the NE Coast of N America -- founded a Dutch colony at present day NY City called it New Netherlands -- named a big river after himself - Hudson River, thought it was a NW Passage Outline: __1. Puppet Show__**- Narrator Chaewon, Puppet show presented by Samson and Natalie Description: Covers some important events of Dutch Exploration, such as the discovery of the New World, and the colonization of India. 2. **Powerpoint Presentation**- Chaewon, Natalie and Samson. Description: Covers the topics in question answer format, learning about the Netherland exploration in more detailed manner. 3. **Bibliography**- <span style="font-size: 95%; color: rgb(11, 208, 217); font-family: 'Wingdings 2';"> "The History of New Netherland and the Half Moon." 4 Feb. 2009 <http://www.newnetherland.org/history.html>. <span style="font-size: 95%; color: rgb(11, 208, 217); font-family: 'Wingdings 2';"> Welling, George M. "The United States of America and the Netherlands." From Revolution to Reconstruction __. 6 Mar. 2003. 4 Feb. 2009 <[|http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/E/newnetherlands/nl1.htm]>. <span style="font-size: 95%; color: rgb(11, 208, 217); font-family: 'Wingdings 2';"> "Dutch colonization of the Americas." 13 JAN 2009. Wikipedia. 28 Jan 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas>. <span style="font-size: 95%; color: rgb(11, 208, 217); font-family: 'Wingdings 2';"> Karam, Andrew. "Dutch Exploration and Colonization." 28 JAN 2009. BookRags. 28 Jan 2009 http://www.oozyte.com/. <span style="font-size: 95%; color: rgb(11, 208, 217); font-family: 'Wingdings 2';"> "Dutch Exploration." __ The Past Belongs to Kids __. KidsPast.com. 28 Jan 2009http://www.kidspast.com/world-history/0321-dutch-exploration.php. <span style="font-size: 95%; color: rgb(11, 208, 217); font-family: 'Wingdings 2';"> "Dutch Colonies." __ nps.gov __. Kingston. 29 JAN 2009 http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm. <span style="font-size: 95%; color: rgb(11, 208, 217); font-family: 'Wingdings 2';"> "Dutch Empire." 13 JAN 2009. Wikipedia. 28 Jan 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas. __

<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> "Dutch Empire." 13 JAN 2009. Wikipedia. 28 Jan 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas>. "Dutch West India Company." Wikipedia. 29 Jan 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company "Dutch East India Company." Wikipedia. 29 Jan 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company "The World in 1600, Dutch Exploration." The British Library. 30 Jan 2009 http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/trading/world3.html

6a. Amerigo Vespucci -- Jade
Amerigo Vespucci: Florentine explorer, always interested in maps and exploration Rumoured to have gone to the Americas 4 times, but only 2 voyages have been properly validated 2nd Voyage, 1501 - King Emanuel of Portugal, wanted to conquer more land**
 * 1st Voyage, 1497 - King Ferdinand of Spain, whether or not Hispaniola was located near landmass

Vespucci mostly traveled to South America, around Venezuela Very detailed documentations of indigenous peoples there These became huge hits when brought back to Europe

Benefits include more trade, slaves to sell, public knowledge on the American natives, and that the Americas were not part of Asia

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Bibliography: = = = = = =
 * Amerigo Vespucci: Account of His First Voyage, 1497 http://historymedren.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497vespucci-america.html**********

Amerigo Vespucci http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci

Amerigo Vespucci http://www.studyworld.com/Amerigo_Vespucci.htm

How America was Named http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/marshall/country/country-I-5.html

6b. Treaty of Tordesillas -- Katherine outline: 1. powerpoint 2. "simulation" of signing the Treaty of Tordesillas media type="custom" key="3086420"

6c. Philip II and the Spanish Armada -- Amelia
<span style="font-family: 굴림;"> King Philip II of Spain (1527 – 1598) ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> husband of Mary ( Queen of England) ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Ruled largest global empire; Most powerful/wealthy man in Europe for period of time ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> During his reign Spain was strongest European power and reached height of its power. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Particularly rich from imports brought in when Spain found new world ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Strong catholic, Helped lead counter-reformation <span style="font-family: 굴림;"> **The Spanish Armada 1588** Cause: ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Attempt to bring England back to Catholicism and remove Protestantism. –dispute between protestant Elizabeth I of England and Philip II ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">  Conflict and competition with England over oversea trade. England looting/raiding new world goods from Spanish. The armada: ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> More Spanish ships than English ships, but English had better equipment and naval force. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Spanish failed especially due to Philips lack of communication with commanders, since Philip believed god would guide him ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Combined command with duke of medina Sedonia ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Fought in English channel between france-england ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Spain did not suffer drastically during battle, but English blocked channel, sending Spanish north which is where they were hit by a disastrous storm. Result/aftermath ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Heart to protestant cause in Europe; storm which smashed Spanish ships seen as will of god ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Spain left bankrupt, weakened economy, no longer europe’s superpower. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Englands supremacy grew, ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Philip forced to stop attempts to make England/other countries catholic, Protestantism not suppressed anywhere, but Catholicism was slightly. Bibliography: ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> http://www.britainexpress.com/History/tudor/armada.htm ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> http://www.echeat.com/essay.php?t=31751 ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> http://www.historybuff.com/library/refarmada3.htm

6d. Cartographer -- Ji Eun
1. General history of map making - how the skills improved from the earliest time to nowadays //Cartographic skills evolved independently in many different parts of the world.// Earliest direct evidence of mapping: from middle east. Ancient Babylonian clay tablets – depict the earth as a flat circular disk. Ancient Chinese Maps → more accurate and detailed compared to other ancient maps. Ancient times: Chinese cartography was more advanced than contemporary mapmaking skills. Greeks: understood that the Earth was round. Eratosthenes: accurately calculated the circumference of the earth using angle measures. Europeans implemented the metric system which introduced a simpler and more universal language for map scale. The Greenwich prime meridian was established. Aerial photographs, computers, electronic distance-measuring instruments, inertial navigation systems, remote sensing, and applications of space science create new extensions of cartography's reach. The Internet makes that reach accessible to all of us.
 * -1000 B.C.**
 * -200 B.C.**
 * -19th century**
 * -20th century**

Activeness in map production: Dutch and French, but then the skills of the French cartography were better Nicolas Sanson: Provided basis for map making in France. French maps: -More up-to-date and accurate. -Began to receive international acclaim by the middle of the seventeenth century with maps from Sanson and others that were created outside of France. 1700s: New approach to map making with the practice of what is known today as "theoretical" cartography. Leading producers in modern French cartography published maps and atlases of magnificent quality. The English maps were also renown but compared to the French maps, English maps lacked in accuracy and details.
 * 2. Focus on French map making**


 * 3. Presentation of the world map

Bibliography:** Lanius, Cynthia. "History of Mapmaking." Cynthia Lanius' Lessons: Mathematics of Cartography: The History of Mapmaking. <[|http://math.rice.edu/~lanius/pres/map/maphis.html]>. "French Mapping." __French Mapping__. 2001. Stanford University. <Allen, David. French Mapping of New York and New England, 1604-1760. http://purl.oclc.org/coordinates/a1.htm. Published: January 31, 2005. Revised: October 9, 2005.>.